Homo sapiens · seed P02768 · 609 aa · family defined as ≥30% identity to that seed · compiled 07 October 2026
Open in CODSWALLOP UniProt P02768 RCSB by accession PDBe-KB AlphaFold DB InterPro CATH 2.60.40.10 CATH 1.10.246.10 SCOP 8033044 SCOP 8033045 SCOP 8033047 RCSB 1TF0 PDBe
CATH and SCOP identifiers come from the RCSB's own structure annotations, which the Domains panel already reads, so these are looked up rather than guessed at.
Every figure here is counted over the whole family rather than quoted from one entry.
1TF0, the structure every other member of this family is superposed onto. Rendered by the RCSB and embedded here: the live app shows an interactive viewport, which a document that fetches nothing cannot.
How many of this family's constructs contain each residue of the seed. A trough is a stretch nobody has put in a construct, which is a construct-design answer rather than a disorder one.
45 distinct constructs across 257 entries. 236 polymer entities differ from the UniProt canonical sequence in some way, 0 carry a recognised expression tag and 0 carry a fusion partner.
"Differs from canonical" is not the same as "engineered". The canonical sequence is the full gene product, so a secreted protein whose structures all start after its signal peptide counts every one of them as different: lysozyme's most-used construct, residues 19–147 on 1,239 entities, is simply the mature protein. Read the construct column below for what was actually done, rather than this count.
| Entities | Length | Best (Å) | Best entry | What was made |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 129 | 585 | 1.69 | 9IK6 | residues 25-609 |
| 14 | 583 | 2.15 | 5HOZ | residues 25-607; R584A |
| 10 | 609 | 1.90 | 8RCO | matches the canonical sequence |
| 9 | 581 | 2.00 | 7Y2D | residues 27-607 |
| 9 | 583 | 2.03 | 9S43 | residues 25-607 |
| 7 | 583 | 2.12 | 6HN0 | residues 25-607 |
| 7 | 585 | 2.40 | 2BXK | residues 25-609; R545E |
| 6 | 583 | 1.92 | 4ZBQ | residues 25-607; L198A, A199G, R394A +1 more |
| 5 | 583 | 2.47 | 4F5S | residues 25-607; A214T |
| 5 | 584 | 1.89 | 8BSG | residues 25-608; E210K, G211E, S213A |
| 4 | 582 | 1.91 | 9CSG | residues 27-608 |
| 4 | 583 | 1.55 | 6HN1 | matches the canonical sequence |
| 4 | 584 | 2.10 | 7AAI | residues 26-609 |
| 4 | 591 | 2.40 | 8Y9T | residues 19-609 |
| 3 | 585 | 1.95 | 6QIO | residues 25-609; V442M, T444A, E529G +1 more |
| 3 | 586 | 1.90 | 6FAK | TEV site; residues 22-599 |
| 2 | 583 | 2.50 | 7EEK | residues 26-608 |
| 2 | 585 | 2.70 | 1HK5 | residues 25-609; R242H |
| 2 | 607 | 2.80 | 6QS9 | matches the canonical sequence |
| 2 | 609 | 2.60 | 7YIM | matches the canonical sequence |
| 2 | 610 | 1.90 | 9EOD | matches the canonical sequence |
| 1 | 189 | residues 226-414 | ||
| 1 | 192 | residues 415-606 | ||
| 1 | 197 | residues 29-225 | ||
| 1 | 201 | residues 409-609 |
Showing the 25 most-used of 45.
Columns where the wild-type residue still dominates but a real minority carries something else, which is a different question from "what varies across species".
| Oligomeric state | Chains | Entries | Share |
|---|---|---|---|
| monomeric | 1 | 228 | 88.7% |
| dimeric | 2 | 14 | 5.4% |
| trimeric | 3 | 8 | 3.1% |
| pentameric | 5 | 5 | 1.9% |
| octameric | 8 | 1 | 0.4% |
| tetrameric | 4 | 1 | 0.4% |
162 entries have the depositor's assembly corroborated by PISA, 78 carry the depositor's word alone and 14 were assigned by PISA where the depositor gave none. The middle figure is not a disagreement: PISA may have returned nothing or never run. 4 entries carry more than one assembly with different chain counts, so they have no single answer to quote: 4G03, 4G04, 4K71, 6M5E.
Every source's own domains on the seed axis, one row each. They are not merged: Pfam, CATH, SCOP and InterPro disagree about boundaries, and a merged track would state a consensus none of them gave.
| Domain | Source | Span (seed) | Chains |
|---|---|---|---|
| Immunoglobulins | CATH 2.60.40.10 | 129–234 | 3 |
| 1.10.246.10 | CATH | 229–320 | 1,016 |
| Serum albumin-like | SCOP2B 8033044 | 27–220 | 178 |
| Serum albumin-like | SCOP2B 8033045 | 221–412 | 179 |
| Serum albumin-like | SCOP2B 8033047 | 413–607 | 178 |
| Component | Class | Name | Entries | Best (Å) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MYR | lipid/detergent | Myristic Acid | 61 | 1.89 |
| ACT | cryoprotectant | Acetate Ion | 23 | 1.89 |
| PLM | lipid/detergent | Palmitic Acid | 20 | 2.00 |
| SO4 | ion | Sulfate Ion | 19 | 2.15 |
| MLI | buffer | Malonate Ion | 16 | 2.03 |
| FMT | buffer | Formic Acid | 16 | 2.03 |
| PO4 | ion | Phosphate Ion | 15 | 2.10 |
| PGE | cryoprotectant | Triethylene Glycol | 15 | 1.90 |
| SIN | buffer | Succinic Acid | 13 | 1.92 |
| EDO | cryoprotectant | 1,2-Ethanediol | 12 | 1.90 |
| PG4 | cryoprotectant | Tetraethylene Glycol | 11 | 1.90 |
| CL | ion | Chloride Ion | 10 | 1.55 |
| LMR | ligand | (2s)-2-Hydroxybutanedioic Acid | 10 | 1.92 |
| T44 | ligand | 3,5,3',5'-Tetraiodo-L-Thyronine | 8 | 1.69 |
| PEG | cryoprotectant | Di(Hydroxyethyl)ether | 8 | 1.90 |
| UNX | ion | Unknown Atom Or Ion | 7 | 2.25 |
| GOL | cryoprotectant | Glycerol | 7 | 2.15 |
| DIF | ligand | 2-[2,6-Dichlorophenyl)amino]benzeneacetic Acid | 7 | 1.55 |
| ZN | ion | Zinc Ion | 7 | 2.20 |
| NPS | ligand | (2s)-2-(6-Methoxynaphthalen-2-Yl)propanoic Acid | 6 | 2.19 |
Parsed from the free text 188 depositors typed into
_exptl_crystal_grow.pdbx_details, out of 237
entries that recorded anything at all.
Median pH 7.0
(range 1.0 to 9.0).
254 entries carry a wwPDB validation report: 87 clean, 80 worth a check and 87 with something to explain. Median clashscore 8.42, median RSRZ outliers 1.55%, median R-free minus R-work 0.05. 250 have released structure factors.
| Organism | Entries | Best (Å) | Ligand-bound | Seed covered |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Homo sapiens | 195 | 1.69 | 131 | 100% |
| Equus caballus | 31 | 1.92 | 20 | 96% |
| Bos taurus | 9 | 2.47 | 5 | 100% |
| Ovis aries | 7 | 2.12 | 7 | 96% |
| Oryctolagus cuniculus | 6 | 1.89 | 4 | 96% |
| Capra hircus | 5 | 1.55 | 4 | 96% |
| Escherichia coli | 1 | 2.00 | 1 | 96% |
| Canis lupus familiaris | 1 | 3.20 | 0 | 96% |
| Felis catus | 1 | 3.40 | 0 | 96% |
| synthetic construct | 1 | 4.00 | 0 | 96% |
609 residues, numbered every ten. Every identity figure in this document is measured against this sequence.
active or binding site modified residue or glycosylation disulphide cysteine transmembrane or signal the 15 most-substituted positions
Sites are UniProt's curated features where the seed is a UniProt accession; the substituted positions are measured from this family's own alignment rather than annotated, and only the fifteen most substituted are marked: every position carrying a minority substitution would be most of the protein, because the family holds orthologues. A residue can carry more than one and is drawn with the first that applies, in the order of the key above.
One record per paper, not per entry.
| Year | Citation |
|---|---|
| 2026 | Structural Interactions of beta-Lactam Antibiotics with Mammalian Serum Albumins. Int J Mol Sci doi:10.3390/ijms27020776 |
| 2026 | Cryo-EM elucidates the interaction mechanism of ozoralizumab, a humanized anti-TNF alpha NANOBODY® compound. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2026.153572 |
| 2025 | Structural categorization and identification of electrostatic interactions in two proposed human serum albumin dimerization patterns and dipyridamole interaction. Turk J Chem doi:10.55730/1300-0527.3769 |
| 2025 | Conversion of albumin into a BODIPY-like photosensitizer by a flick reaction, tumor accumulation and photodynamic therapy. Biomaterials doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122792 |
| 2025 | Insights into Dual Binding Modes of Nateglinide to Human Serum Albumin. Acs Med.Chem.Lett. doi:10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5c00277 |
| 2025 | Fluorogen-Activating Human Serum Albumin for Mitochondrial Nanoscale Imaging. Adv Mater doi:10.1002/adma.202501849 |
| 2025 | Albumins constrainting the conformation of mitochondria-targeted photosensitizers for tumor-specific photodynamic therapy. Biomaterials doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122914 |
| 2025 | Cytotoxicity and Binding to DNA, Lysozyme, Ribonuclease A, and Human Serum Albumin of the Diiodido Analog of Picoplatin. Inorg.Chem. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c05424 |
| 2024 | Structural and mechanistic insights into the transport of aristolochic acids and their active metabolites by human serum albumin. J.Biol.Chem. doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107358 |
| 2024 | Cerastecin Inhibition of the Lipooligosaccharide Transporter MsbA to Combat Acinetobacter baumannii : From Screening Impurity to In Vivo Efficacy. J.Med.Chem. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01277 |
| 2024 | Structural design of the anti-TNF alpha therapeutic NANOBODY® compound, ozoralizumab, to support its potent and sustained clinical efficacy. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150454 |
| 2024 | Developing a Copper(II) Isopropyl 2-Pyridyl Ketone Thiosemicarbazone Compound Based on the IB Subdomain of Human Serum Albumin-Indomethacin Complex: Inhibiting Tumor Growth by Remodeling the Tumor Microenvironment. J.Med.Chem. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02378 |
| 2024 | Insight into the anti-proliferation activity and photoinduced NO release of four nitrosylruthenium isomeric complexes and their HSA complex adducts. Metallomics doi:10.1093/mtomcs/mfae005 |
| 2024 | Interaction of Cephalosporins with Human Serum Albumin: A Structural Study. J.Med.Chem. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00983 |
| 2024 | Crystal structure of human serum albumin in complex with megabody reveals unique human and murine cross-reactive binding site. Protein Sci. doi:10.1002/pro.4887 |
| 2024 | Structural characteristics of alpha-fetoprotein, including N-glycosylation, metal ion and fatty acid binding sites. Commun Biol doi:10.1038/s42003-024-06219-0 |
| 2024 | The CryoEM structure of human serum albumin in complex with ligands. J.Struct.Biol. doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2024.108105 |
| 2023 | Structural Investigation of Diclofenac Binding to Ovine, Caprine, and Leporine Serum Albumins. Int J Mol Sci doi:10.3390/ijms24021534 |
| 2023 | Stable Mammalian Serum Albumins Designed for Bacterial Expression. J.Mol.Biol. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168191 |
| 2023 | Structural and biochemical characterisation of Co2+-binding sites on serum albumins and their interplay with fatty acids Chem Sci doi:10.1039/D3SC01723K |
| 2023 | Crystal structures of human serum albumin in complex with lysophosphatidylcholine. Biophys.J. doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2023.09.007 |
| 2023 | Developing a Multitargeted Anticancer Palladium(II) Agent Based on the His-242 Residue in the IIA Subdomain of Human Serum Albumin. J.Med.Chem. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00248 |
| 2023 | Uniform thin ice on ultraflat graphene for high-resolution cryo-EM. Nat.Methods doi:10.1038/s41592-022-01693-y |
| 2023 | Developing an Anticancer Platinum(II) Compound Based on the Uniqueness of Human Serum Albumin. J.Med.Chem. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00001 |
| 2023 | Structural Basis of the Change in the Interaction Between Mycophenolic Acid and Subdomain IIA of Human Serum Albumin During Renal Failure. J.Med.Chem. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01790 |
| 2022 | Developing a Copper(II) Agent Based on His-146 and His-242 Residues of Human Serum Albumin Nanoparticles: Integration To Overcome Cisplatin Resistance and Inhibit the Metastasis of Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer. J.Med.Chem. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00698 |
| 2022 | Chlorine Atoms of an Aripiprazole Molecule Control the Geometry and Motion of Aripiprazole and Deschloro-aripiprazole in Subdomain IIIA of Human Serum Albumin. Acs Omega doi:10.1021/acsomega.2c02929 |
| 2022 | Structural Analysis of Human Serum Albumin in Complex with the Fibrate Drug Gemfibrozil. Int J Mol Sci doi:10.3390/ijms23031769 |
| 2022 | Investigation of the Interaction between Human Serum Albumin and Branched Short-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Compounds. Chem.Res.Toxicol. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00211 |
| 2022 | Effects of Myristate on the Induced Circular Dichroism Spectra of Aripiprazole Bound to Human Serum Albumin: A Structural-Chemical Investigation Acs Omega doi:10.1021/acsomega.1c06220 |
| 2022 | Organism-specific differences in the binding of ketoprofen to serum albumin. Iucrj doi:10.1107/S2052252522006820 |
| 2022 | Developing a Novel Indium(III) Agent Based on Human Serum Albumin Nanoparticles: Integrating Bioimaging and Therapy. J.Med.Chem. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01790 |
| 2022 | Crystallographic analysis of interaction between cisplatin and human serum albumin: Effect of fatty acid. Int.J.Biol.Macromol. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.181 |
| 2021 | Unveiling the binding mode of perfluorooctanoic acid to human serum albumin. Protein Sci. doi:10.1002/pro.4036 |
| 2021 | Developing a Novel Anticancer Gold(III) Agent to Integrate Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy. J.Med.Chem. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00050 |
| 2021 | Cell-penetrating Alphabody protein scaffolds for intracellular drug targeting. Sci Adv doi:10.1126/sciadv.abe1682 |
| 2021 | Interaction of Benzbromarone with Subdomains IIIA and IB/IIA on Human Serum Albumin as the Primary and Secondary Binding Regions. Mol Pharm. doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01004 |
| 2020 | Triantennary GalNAc Molecular Imaging Probes for Monitoring Hepatocyte Function in a Rat Model of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Adv Sci doi:10.1002/advs.202002997 |
| 2020 | Structural investigations of stereoselective profen binding by equine and leporine serum albumins. Chirality doi:10.1002/chir.23162 |
| 2020 | Identification of Binding Sites on Human Serum Albumin for Somapacitan, a Long-Acting Growth Hormone Derivative. Biochemistry doi:10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00019 |