CODSWALLOP

Transthyretin

Homo sapiens · seed P02766 · 147 aa · family defined as ≥30% identity to that seed · compiled 07 October 2026

CATH and SCOP identifiers come from the RCSB's own structure annotations, which the Domains panel already reads, so these are looked up rather than guessed at.

517Entries 518Entities 151Constructs 9Organisms 300Ligand-bound
1.10 ÅBest res.
1.70 ÅMedian res.

Every figure here is counted over the whole family rather than quoted from one entry.

The reference structure

6EP1, the structure every other member of this family is superposed onto. Rendered by the RCSB and embedded here: the live app shows an interactive viewport, which a document that fetches nothing cannot.

Rendered structure of 6EP1
6EP1 at the RCSB · open it in the 3D viewer

Which residues anyone has ever seen

How many of this family's constructs contain each residue of the seed. A trough is a stretch nobody has put in a construct, which is a construct-design answer rather than a disorder one.

173147518 constructs

Constructs, most-used first

151 distinct constructs across 517 entries. 503 polymer entities differ from the UniProt canonical sequence in some way, 63 carry a recognised expression tag and 0 carry a fusion partner.

"Differs from canonical" is not the same as "engineered". The canonical sequence is the full gene product, so a secreted protein whose structures all start after its signal peptide counts every one of them as different: lysozyme's most-used construct, residues 19–147 on 1,239 entities, is simply the mature protein. Read the construct column below for what was actually done, rather than this count.

EntitiesLengthBest (Å)Best entryWhat was made
142 127 1.10 8C86 residues 21-147
39 159 1.10 8W45 His6; V50M
19 128 1.15 4D7B residues 20-147; A20M
16 127 1.20 8PMA residues 21-147; V50M
14 147 1.21 6SUG matches the canonical sequence
11 116 1.20 5DWP residues 30-145
11 127 1.38 7Y6J residues 21-147; A117S
8 159 1.19 8W48 His6
7 124 1.70 4ABQ residues 21-144
7 124 1.90 1DVT residues 21-144; E83Q
7 127 1.38 3DGD residues 21-147; F107M, L130M
7 127 1.70 1TSH residues 21-147; T80A
7 127 1.70 6D0W residues 21-147; E83Q
7 135 1.40 6GNR residues 17-151; C17G, N18A, T19M +1 more
6 118 1.60 3CFM residues 30-147
5 115 1.25 9RSR residues 30-144; V50M
5 115 1.30 6EP1 residues 30-144
5 127 1.18 4HIQ residues 21-147; V142I
5 127 1.82 3DJZ residues 21-147; L75P
5 130 1.30 5CN3 residues 18-147; S18G, E19A, A20M
4 119 1.15 8AWI residues 29-147
4 126 2.00 1BZ8 residues 21-147; 1 internal deletion
4 127 1.58 2G3X residues 21-147; I104S
4 127 1.63 8T5X residues 21-147; A45T
4 127 2.18 9W9N residues 21-147; F84S

Showing the 25 most-used of 151.

Positions people deliberately mutate

Columns where the wild-type residue still dominates but a real minority carries something else, which is a different question from "what varies across species".

V50M 18% E83Q 8% T25G 6% I104S 6% L75I 6% G26S 5% I88V 5% E27D 5% K29R 5% S72T 5% I93F 5% R124H 5% I46G 5% H51K 5% D59G 5% S70D 5% H110Y 5% T23H 5% A56T 5% Y134F 5% S28T 4% V85P 4% T60G 4% K146H 4% A117S 4% A129L 4% R54Q 4% P63Q 4% S66T 4% S105T 4%

What it assembles into

Oligomeric stateChainsEntriesShare
tetrameric4 429 83.0%
dimeric2 25 4.8%
pentameric5 22 4.3%
trimeric3 16 3.1%
hexameric6 14 2.7%
monomeric1 2 0.4%
decameric10 2 0.4%
undecameric11 1 0.2%

318 entries have the depositor's assembly corroborated by PISA, 186 carry the depositor's word alone and 13 were assigned by PISA where the depositor gave none. The middle figure is not a disagreement: PISA may have returned nothing or never run. 30 entries carry more than one assembly with different chain counts, so they have no single answer to quote: 1BMZ, 1ETA, 1ETB, 1F86, 1IJN, 1SOQ, 1TFP, 1TTR, 1TYR, 1TZ8, 2F8I, 2PAB, 3CFM, 3CFN, 3CFQ, 3CFT, 3CN0, 3CN1, 3CN2, 3CN3.

Domain architecture

Every source's own domains on the seed axis, one row each. They are not merged: Pfam, CATH, SCOP and InterPro disagree about boundaries, and a merged track would state a consensus none of them gave.

CATHTransthyretin/hydroxyisourSCOP2BTransthyretin (synonym: prTransthyretin (synonym: pr173147
DomainSourceSpan (seed)Chains
Transthyretin/hydroxyisourate hydrolase domainCATH 2.60.40.180 30–145 309
Transthyretin (synonym: prealbumin)SCOP2B 8040289 30–145 461
Transthyretin (synonym: prealbumin)SCOP2B 8037673 41–147 10

What binds it

T44 T4411 entries 3MI 3MI10 entries TCW TCW7 entries 1FL 1FL6 entries STL STL4 entries P2C P2C3 entries DNF DNF3 entries LU2 LU23 entries H50 H503 entries SUZ SUZ3 entries 1WZ 1WZ3 entries 8PF 8PF3 entries
ComponentClassNameEntriesBest (Å)
CAion Calcium Ion 35 1.15
GOLcryoprotectant Glycerol 34 1.12
NAion Sodium Ion 31 1.10
SO4ion Sulfate Ion 21 1.25
ACTcryoprotectant Acetate Ion 15 1.38
EDOcryoprotectant 1,2-Ethanediol 15 1.23
T44ligand 3,5,3',5'-Tetraiodo-L-Thyronine 11 1.10
3MIligand 2-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-1,3-Benzoxazole-6-Carboxylic Acid 10 1.20
DMScryoprotectant Dimethyl Sulfoxide 8 1.25
CLion Chloride Ion 8 1.40
ZNion Zinc Ion 7 1.38
TCWligand Tolcapone 7 1.15
1FLligand 5-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-2-Hydroxy-Benzoic Acid 6 1.50
MGion Magnesium Ion 6 1.42
STLligand Resveratrol 4 1.35
PEGcryoprotectant Di(Hydroxyethyl)ether 4 1.44
BMEbuffer Beta-Mercaptoethanol 3 1.70
P2Cligand 2-[(3,5-Dichloro-4-Trioxidanylphenyl)amino]benzoic Acid 3 1.69
DNFligand 2,4-Dinitrophenol 3 1.70
LU2ligand 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-Dihydroxy-4h-Chromen-4-One 3 1.12

How it crystallises

Parsed from the free text 420 depositors typed into _exptl_crystal_grow.pdbx_details, out of 428 entries that recorded anything at all. Median pH 6.5 (range 3.5 to 8.8).

Precipitants

PEG × Ammonium sulfate × Calcium chloride × Sodium citrate × Sodium chloride × Sodium malonate × Dioxane × MPD × Magnesium chloride × PEG (unspecified) × Lithium sulfate × Isopropanol × Ammonium phosphate ×

Buffers

Citrate × HEPES × Sodium acetate × Phosphate × Tris × Imidazole × Sodium cacodylate × MES × Bis-Tris × ADA × CHES ×

Which entries to trust

517 entries carry a wwPDB validation report: 201 clean, 245 worth a check and 71 with something to explain. Median clashscore 5.97, median RSRZ outliers 6.11%, median R-free minus R-work 0.033. 478 have released structure factors.

Across species

OrganismEntriesBest (Å)Ligand-boundSeed covered
Homo sapiens492 1.10 287 100%
Sparus aurata11 1.40 8 84%
Danio rerio5 1.68 1 74%
Rattus norvegicus4 1.80 3 86%
synthetic construct1 1.46 0 80%
unidentified1 1.55 1 86%
Mus musculus1 2.05 0 86%
Notamacropus eugenii1 2.69 0 79%
Gallus gallus1 2.90 0 84%

Seed sequence

147 residues, numbered every ten. Every identity figure in this document is measured against this sequence.

active or binding site modified residue or glycosylation disulphide cysteine transmembrane or signal the 15 most-substituted positions

1MASHRLLLLC LAGLVFVSEA GPTGTGESKC PLMVKVLDAV RGSPAINVAV HVFRKAADDT
61WEPFASGKTS ESGELHGLTT EEEFVEGIYK VEIDTKSYWK ALGISPFHEH AEVVFTANDS
121GPRRYTIAAL LSPYSYSTTA VVTNPKE

Sites are UniProt's curated features where the seed is a UniProt accession; the substituted positions are measured from this family's own alignment rather than annotated, and only the fifteen most substituted are marked: every position carrying a minority substitution would be most of the protein, because the family holds orthologues. A residue can carry more than one and is drawn with the first that applies, in the order of the key above.

Primary citations

One record per paper, not per entry.

YearCitation
2026 Investigating transthyretin variants H88R and I107V in amyloid priming: From destabilization to complete dissociation. Febs J. doi:10.1111/febs.70485
2026 Cryo-EM structures of biopsy-derived TTR fibrils in hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis. Nat Commun doi:10.1038/s41467-026-75850-8
2026 Cryo-EM reveals structural variability of apolipoprotein A-I amyloid fibrils across organs, mutations, and clinical presentations. Nat Commun doi:10.1038/s41467-026-72150-z
2026 Three-Dimensional Visualization and Proteomic Analysis of Human Cardiac Transthyretin Amyloidosis Tissue Reveals Microangiopathy and Capillary Occlusion. J Am Heart Assoc doi:10.1161/JAHA.125.042248
2026 Structures of dye-bound transthyretin amyloid fibrils from abdominal fat biopsies. Nat Commun doi:10.1038/s41467-026-72441-5
2026 DM: a simple solution to suppress air-water interface interactions in cryo-EM. Biorxiv doi:10.64898/2026.04.02.716008
2026 Amyloid fibril polymorphism in the heart and liver of a patient with polyneuropathic ATTRv-V122 Delta amyloidosis Commun Biol doi:10.1038/s42003-026-09919-x
2026 Transthyretin can denature by an alternative pathway. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA doi:10.1073/pnas.2536532123
2025 Fragment-based drug discovery for transthyretin kinetic stabilisers using a novel capillary zone electrophoresis method. Plos One doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0323816
2025 Repurposing of Agrochemicals as ATTRv Amyloidosis Inhibitors. J.Med.Chem. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c02221
2025 New promising transthyretin stabilizers for cardiac amyloidosis treatment Eur J Med Chem Rep doi:10.1016/j.ejmcr.2025.100308
2025 The conformational landscape of human transthyretin revealed by cryo-EM. Nat.Struct.Mol.Biol. doi:10.1038/s41594-024-01472-7
2025 Pyrazole-Based Transthyretin Kinetic Stabilizers Identified Using a Covalent Fluorescent Probe Assay for Selectivity Profiling in Human Serum. J.Med.Chem. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c02576
2025 Structure of ATTRv-F64S fibrils isolated from skin tissue of a living patient. Nat Commun doi:10.1038/s41467-025-67457-2
2025 Structural and molecular homogeneity of ATTRv-T60A amyloid fibrils across patients and organs. Structure doi:10.1016/j.str.2025.09.008
2025 Apolipoprotein A-IV fibrils: structural diagnosis of mixed cardiac amyloidosis. Nat Commun doi:10.1038/s41467-025-64902-0
2024 Development of Benziodarone Analogues with Enhanced Potency for Selective Binding to Transthyretin in Human Plasma. J.Med.Chem. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02286
2024 Mispacking of the F87 sidechain drives aggregation-promoting conformational fluctuations in the subunit interfaces of the transthyretin tetramer. Protein Sci. doi:10.1002/pro.5101
2024 Probing the Dissociation Pathway of a Kinetically Labile Transthyretin Mutant. J.Am.Chem.Soc. doi:10.1021/jacs.3c10083
2024 Trypsin-induced aggregation of transthyretin Valine 30 variants associated with hereditary amyloidosis. Febs J. doi:10.1111/febs.17070
2024 Diflunisal versus tafamidis on neuropathy and cardiomyopathy in hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol doi:10.1002/acn3.52158
2024 The Structural and Dynamic Insights into the Ala97Ser Amyloidogenic Mutation in Transthyretin. Chem Asian J doi:10.1002/asia.202401438
2024 Structural polymorphism of amyloid fibrils in ATTR amyloidosis revealed by cryo-electron microscopy. Nat Commun doi:10.1038/s41467-024-44820-3
2024 ATTRv-V30M amyloid fibrils from heart and nerves exhibit structural homogeneity. Structure doi:10.1016/j.str.2024.09.021
2024 Cryo-EM confirms a common fibril fold in the heart of four patients with ATTRwt amyloidosis. Commun Biol doi:10.1038/s42003-024-06588-6
2023 3-O-Methyltolcapone and Its Lipophilic Analogues Are Potent Inhibitors of Transthyretin Amyloidogenesis with High Permeability and Low Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci doi:10.3390/ijms25010479
2023 Resveratrol Derivatives Inhibit Transthyretin Fibrillization: Structural Insights into the Interactions between Resveratrol Derivatives and Transthyretin. J.Med.Chem. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01698
2023 Transthyretin Binding Mode Dichotomy of Fluorescent trans -Stilbene Ligands. Acs Chem Neurosci doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00700
2023 PITB: A high affinity transthyretin aggregation inhibitor with optimal pharmacokinetic properties. Eur.J.Med.Chem. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115837
2023 A molecular basis for tetramer destabilization and aggregation of transthyretin Ala97Ser. Protein Sci. doi:10.1002/pro.4610
2023 Benziodarone and 6-hydroxybenziodarone are potent and selective inhibitors of transthyretin amyloidogenesis. Bioorg.Med.Chem. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117370
2023 Rafoxanide, a salicylanilide anthelmintic, interacts with human plasma protein transthyretin. Febs J. doi:10.1111/febs.16915
2023 Combining Solid-State NMR with Structural and Biophysical Techniques to Design Challenging Protein-Drug Conjugates. Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Engl. doi:10.1002/anie.202303202
2023 Common transthyretin-derived amyloid fibril structures in patients with hereditary ATTR amyloidosis. Nat Commun doi:10.1038/s41467-023-43301-3
2022 Development of a Highly Potent Transthyretin Amyloidogenesis Inhibitor: Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation. J.Med.Chem. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01195
2022 Antioxidant Quercetin 3-O-Glycosylated Plant Flavonols Contribute to Transthyretin Stabilization Crystals doi:10.3390/cryst12050638
2022 The hydrophobic residue Leu73 is crucial for the high stability and low aggregation properties of murine transthyretin. Biochem.J. doi:10.1042/BCJ20220203
2022 Structural Analysis of the Complex of Human Transthyretin with 3',5'-Dichlorophenylanthranilic Acid at 1.5 angstrom Resolution. Molecules doi:10.3390/molecules27217206
2022 Chlorinated Naringenin Analogues as Potential Inhibitors of Transthyretin Amyloidogenesis. J.Med.Chem. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00511
2022 Cryo-EM structure of an ATTRwt amyloid fibril from systemic non-hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis. Nat Commun doi:10.1038/s41467-022-33591-4